Macroeconomic policy of Reserve Bank of Australia Essays - Economy

Macroeconomic policy of Reserve Bank of Australia Essays - Economy THE DECISION OF THE RESERVE BANK OF AUSTRALIA TO KEEP THE INTEREST RATE UNCHANGED AT 1.5% Case Study By Tapas K. Chakraborty TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY 5 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS OF MAJOR COUNTRIES 9 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE DECISION 10 MONEY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND MONETARY TRANSMISSION MECHANISM14 ECONOMIC GROWTH18 CONCLUSION19 REFERENCES20 INTRODUCTION The instant case study is built upon succinct analysis of the macroeconomic dynamics interacting in Australian and global landscape, before and aftermath of the decision of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to keep the interest rate unchanged at 1.50%. The important macroeconomic policy decision was announced by the Governor of RBA in the media release dated 4th December, 2018. It was asserted by Mr. Lowe, Governor of RBA, that financial conditions of Australia and advanced economies did not warrant any change in the existing cash rate. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) Board, after the meeting, unanimously agreed that no monetary stimulus resulting from lowering of interest is necessary in the background of expansionary domestic and international economy The RBA Governing body's decision to keep the interest rate unchanged is based upon the macroeconomic dynamics underpinning the money market and goods market equilibrium, and the effect that interest rate could instill upon the equilibrium in money market and good market. The RBA Board posits that global economic conditions have improved since 2017, and most of the advanced economies have been able to register more than expected positive economic growth, and the employment scenario of the countries have significantly improved. Australia's terms of trade (TOT) has improved and continues to be robust. This shows the country is capable of combating cost-push inflation as the prices of imported goods continue to be at the lower side. The RBA Board also argues that inflationary pressure of all the advanced countries including Australia is near the acceptable level as wage-push inflationary pressure remains low. The economies of many advanced countries are in expansionary path in spite of absence of any monetary stimulus. The optimism in the Australian economy is well evidenced in the strong equity market, less volatility, and diminished gap between bond yield and other maturities. The economy of the country grew at expected rate during the quarter ended September, 2018, and the Gross Domestic Product GDP) of the country is expected to grow by 3% in the next five years. Increased business activities in the country are evidenced in increase in capacity utilization of industries and better performance by non-mining sectors. The RBA is of the view that the infrastructure of the country is highly conducive to economic growth, unemployment rate is declining, and labor-force participation continues to improve. The 2% percent underlying inflation rate in the country is expected to improve to further effective level as the economy expands. OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY Monetary policy is an envelope of policies involving interest rate, public debt, and monetary standards, intended to influence credit volume, price level, and economic activities ( The Balance, 2017). The chief objective of monetary policy is to protect the economy from the onslaught of trade cycles. An elastic monetary policy enables the country to achieve sustained growth at healthy rate of inflation. The apex banking institution of a country monitors the volume of money in the economy by adopting appropriate monetary policy depending upon the macroeconomic conditions of the country. The Central Bank of a country controls credit by open market operations, selective credit control, and fluctuations in the interest rate. The first two methods are intended to control supply of money directly, while the last one is meant for indirectly controlling the demand for money. Functions of money: The following 5 important functions are performed by money: (Cliff Notes, 2017); It is the medium of exchange. It acts as a store of value. It functions as standard of measuring value . It serves as the standard of deferred payments. It is used for transferring value from one place to another. Functions of RBA: RBA, established under Reserve Bank Act, 1959, is the apex banking authority of the country entrusted with the task of monitoring the monetary mechanism required for smooth functioning of the economy for sustained economic growth of the country. The RBA is responsible for maintaining adequate resource flow

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example Both learning organizations and complex adaptive systems could be used as frameworks for change in your organization. For instance, creating a culture that encourages support, learning, and critical thinking characteristic of the learning organization model could help employees understand and comprehend the need for respecting the chain of command in your organization (Nesse et-al, 2010). Elizabeth Harrell, I concur with your statement that the way an organization is structured will depict the overall culture of the organization. In this regard, the ways in which communication is conducted within your organization also portrays the culture of the organization (Geller, 2006). Your example of formal communication within your organization is also spot on. The regular meeting you hold every morning to discuss patients issues is an example of formal communication. In my current organization, any form of communication conducted through the official channels such as meetings, memos, and letters is considered formal. Any form of communication conducted through unauthorized means is considered informal. For instance, employees discussions during lunch time breaks on issues pertaining the patients is unauthorized as such informal may easily fall into the wrong hands hence breaching patients confidentiality. This is therefore an example of informal

Demand, utility, and marginality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demand, utility, and marginality - Essay Example Cumberland Farms stores are designed to meet the needs of middle-income urban and suburban individuals and families in the Eastern and Midwestern United States. Their main service is convenience, which is how they became a major chain of so-called convenience stores. While variety is necessarily limited by the size and marketing approach of each store,customers generally know what goods are carried and many basic needs can be met easily That convenience includes long hours,multiple locations, easy access to products, minimal checkout waiting time, and similar advantages to workers, retirees, students, commuters, travelers, etc. Their products are often priced below their competition, particularly those carrying the Cumberland Farms brand name. While variety is necessarily limited by the size and marketing approach of each store, customers generally know what goods are carried and many basic needs can be met easily by shopping at Cumberland Farms. The major factors affecting demand fo r Cumberland Farms` products are price;variety; hours and locations of stores; competition from other convenience stores gas stations, and supermarkets; customers ´ experiences dealing with stores; and various advertising and marketing techniques used to promote business. Within some limits, Cumberland Farms can and does respond to increased demand. For example, some products such as eggs and milk are essentially loss leaders and as the prices elsewhere for such items increase, Cumberland Farms raises its stock of these items and offers rain checks so customers can get the special prices later if the store runs out of such specials. Cumberland Farms also has some control over

How Authors Affected the Frontier Movement Essay Example for Free

How Authors Affected the Frontier Movement Essay The Frontier Movement is a period in American history that refers to the westward movement of Americans toward the Pacific Ocean during the mid-1800s lasting until the early 1900’s. This movement was characterized by an expansionist zeal for opportunity and adventure, but was also heavily characterized by widespread social oppression and reform. It was during this time that both authors and reformists were inspired to write and share their ideas, many of which called attention to the often ignored social injustices of the time. These author’s ideas not only were inspired by the movement (the beginning of American Literature), but also heavily fueled and contributed to the movement in return. Authors Mark Twain and Susan B. Anthony, for example, played an important role in the frontier movement through their writings as they used these to convey the feelings they held toward America’s crooked social discrimination and socio-economic disparities. Mark Twain and Susan B. Anthony are considered to be two of America’s first American Literature authors. Mark Twain, known as the â€Å"Father of America Literature†, became an author in the West after the end of the Civil War. Susan B. Anthony, known as one of the first women’s activists, works focused mainly on the gender inequality customary of the time. Both of these author’s works are recognized as being bold and reflecting much of the American frontier movement’s attitude and ailments. Their works helped fuel their readers understanding of who they were and helped inspire their audience in the spirit of the frontier movement. Mark Twain’s works often embodied the newly discovered American frontier spirit of individuality and adventure. His works were both entertaining and encouraged Americans to create their own destiny. This was both a popular and significant notion during the frontier movement as it embodied the idea’s Americans had about expanding westward in search of a new life. In addition to his inspirational and humorous works, his writings also addressed the social discrimination he witness during the era of the frontier movement. Many of his works, like Huckleberry Finn for example, showed the possibility of bringing change to a world dominated by racism and foolishness. His works both captured American’s imagination, inspired American’s frontier attitude, and called attention to social wrongs. Susan B. Anthony’s works focused more on the boldness of the American. Rather than idolizing the spirit of America, she often called Americans out on the social injustices prevalent throughout America during the frontier era and promoted change. She called attention to both American racism and especially gender inequality. While Americans were beginning to identify the distinctly American characteristics they took pride in, Susan B. Anthony identified the aspects of American life that Americans came to realize they should be ashamed of. Her writings and causes were bold, reflecting the rugged American Spirit, but her works also helped shape the social aspects of the American Frontier movement. The frontier movement of America marked the beginning of American identity, and thus the beginning of American Literature. It was this movement that influenced the works of becoming authors, many, who in turn, influenced the frontier movement. Mark Twain and Sarah B. Anthony both contributed to the frontier movement through their writings in that they helped Americans realize their identity. During the frontier movement, Americans began to see themselves as an adventurous and bold people, and it was these authors who helped Americans gain and develop an understanding of who they were, even though their ideas were often negative. In short, by providing Americans with literature about who the American people were, the authors helped inspire Americans to express this new attitude of adventure and recognize American social values in the Frontier Movement.

A Reassessment of the !Kung San Essay -- Geography Geographical Papers

A Reassessment of the Kung San The !Kung San are a group of hunter-gathers that make their home in the northern Kalahari desert. Although many ecological and cultural changes have occurred within this group throughout the past thirty years, this article examines the gathering and subsistence patterns that characterize these people. Bentley examines the total fertility rate of the !Kung San and hypothesizes that the pattern of female energetics in their subsistence routine has a direct effect upon their fecundity (1984: 79). His perspective explores the topic of fertility in great depth, and represents a viewpoint that is absent from the text written by Richard Lee, The Dobe Ju’/hoansi. In fact, some of the hypotheses proposed by Bentley appear to contradict Lee’s own research, while others are supported by the findings of Lee. One question that remains undecided regarding the low fertility rates of the !Kung is the degree to which this is a result of sociocultural means, or an effect of physiological and biological processes. Bentley examines the "intermediate variables" within Bongaarts’ reproductive equation, which is one means of illustrating and quantifying the mechanisms that may cause the low fertility rate, and demonstrates that this research seems insufficient in explaining fertility. Briefly, Bongaarts’ equation incorporates the following variables: total fertility rate, index of proportions married, index of contraception, index of induced abortion, index of lactational infecundability, and total fecundity (which includes fecundability, intra-uterine mortality, and permanent sterility). In addition to showing that the intermediate variables of Bongaart’s equation are insufficient in explaining th... ...estyle may consist of foods that are more malleable, therefore reducing the amount of time mothers spend nursing their young. As the !Kung make cultural transitions into more sedentary lifestyles, fertility rates will presumably be affected. As Lee points out, in village life the men maintain the mobility while the women become housebound, with more of their time spent alone with the children. Thus, a more sedentary lifestyle may lead to an increase in fertility rates and a subsequent increase in population. In fact, the population of Dove has risen from 35 in 1964 to 165 at the time Lee wrote his book (1994: 154). Another result of such changes is that they may lead to the subordination of women. The new emergence of a sedentary lifestyle has implications for overall fertility, but also threatens to undermine the egalitarian values of this group of people.

Horror in the Maing

Another sub-genre of supernatural horror took off in the sass also, with Carrie 1976), a Stephen King based film, and The Omen (1976), which was part psychological horror, part supernatural; and was strongest in the sass with films such as Poltergeist (1982) and Child's Play (1988). Since sass's Dawn of the Dead horror has been almost always full of gory blood and guts, notable examples being My Bloody Valentine (1981) and Videophone (1983).Today the whole â€Å"gore fest† Is what most horror films are, such as the Saw series (2004-2010), the Final Destination series (2000-). Countless remakes of older, classic horrors are also being churned out, such remakes including The Phantom of the Opera (2004) and The Omen (2006). The horror franchise has truly become a joke, with only a couple of really good horror films having been churned out in the last decade, and constant remarking, gore fests, and sequels being churned out.You can tell it's a Joke thanks to Matthew Horn and James Cordon's Lesbian Vampire Killers (2009), which was clearly taking the muck, and did it successfully, and the Scary Movies (2000-2006) to a less successful degree. HORROR CAN MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS When people think of horror in a film, they might think of blood, gore and violence. Horror can also be used to describe a film containing supernatural themes, or frightening or disturbing content.Older horror films would be based around people's actual fears, the things happening In the movies would be things that could actually happen to a normal excellent, a good example would be Psycho (ODL Hitchcock 1960) It shows a women wanting to escape from her regular life, and running away to meet a partner, stopping in a motel on the way, which is obviously where the troubles begins. Recent horror films have many sub-genres to them and I feel the even though hey do have the same conventions from a typical horror, the pure horror genre is rapidly disappearing.For example, most horrors nowadays h ave a mixed genre; torture films (saw, dir Wan, 2004) thrillers (The departed, dir Scores, 2006) and horror parodies (scary movie, dir Yawns, 2000) The audience attracted to horror films now expect more gore and more fictional, Jumpy storyline, two popular examples being the Mist (dir Dartboard, 2007) and Jeepers Creepers (dir Salsa 2001). Both films included fictional monsters, which we know do not exist in the real world, forever both films are placed under the horror genre because the modern audience find things like this scarier, Fear of the unknown.Audience expectations Why do people choose to watch horror films? Horror films are able to entertain and excite audience on a level other film genres can't. The â€Å"Thrill factor† makes them appealing to audiences and is what makes them so different and unique to other genres. Audiences come to expect certain codes and conventions in any given genre. Horror films are designed to elicit strong emotional reactions from viewers , including fear and dread; Researchers have identified various datives for viewing horror films, including the need for excitement, the desire to feel intense emotions, and distraction from everyday concerns.Although dramatic films can fulfill some of these needs, movies depicting violence and horror have features that other forms of drama do not, including the violation of social norms and the portrayal of events seldom seen in real life. Audiences willingly offer themselves up to sadistic storytellers to be scared witless, and they are happy to pay for the privilege. Theories abound as to why this is so; do we derive basic thrills from reigning the rush of adrenalin which fear brings People rarely view horror films alone.Violent entertainment appeals primarily to males, and it appeals to them mostly in groups. For many young people and adults, horror films are a topic of conversation, a source of shared experience, and a meaner of self-presentation. Not everyone will like the blo od and gore, but many may continue to watch because of other goals, such as demonstrating their ability to tolerate it, or the desire to master the threatening images. As film technology advances and the things that audiences look for in horror films changes

Literary Analysis Bram Stoker s Dracula - 1285 Words

Sigmund Freud’s essay â€Å"The Uncanny† theorizes the duality of certain themes common in gothic literature as strange and frightening yet familiar, further explaining that the â€Å"uncanny effect is produced by effacing the distinction between imagination and reality.† (Freud pg.396) Bram Stoker s, Dracula, captures the thematic zeitgeist of gothic Europe; the repression and trappings of a rigid and formal society masking the carnal and base desires of the population at large. Freud s analysis of the uncanny, of attraction mixed with disgust, lays bare the underlying sentiment of stoker’s narrative; emphasizing on purity and virtue by definition of polite society and the church, while remaining at odds with the fundamental realities of the human biological condition. Stoker’s subliminal representations of themes such as the duality of Victorian sexuality, Oedipal fantasies, and the threat of foreign seduction and aggressive female sexuality sugge st the repressed and hidden drives of the unconscious mind throughout the novel. Interpreting through character development and common themes found in the Stoker’s, Dracula, suggests the monster Count Dracula is a projection of the repressed desires of man, while the â€Å"living† alludes to the traditional Victorian values deemed acceptable to society, or already known and familiar. Dracula’s central premise revolves around the battle between living and the dead, and the preconceived notion it is neither good nor evil that drives theShow MoreRelatedSexuality In Bram Stokers Dracula1082 Words   |  5 PagesSexuality in Bram Stoker s DraculaBram Stoker s Dracula, favorably received by critics upon publication in 1897, entertained its Victorian audience with unspeakable horrors such as vampires invading bedrooms to prey on beautiful maidens under the guise of night. The novel s eroticism proved even more unspeakable. Received in the era of repression, it remains questionable whether Dracula s readership perceived the sexuality flowing from the page. 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The 1972 film Blacula is one of the most culturally specific variations on the story of Dracula, and highlightsRead MoreEnglish Source Doc.7581 Words   |  31 PagesTitle: Dracula: Stoker s Response to the New Woman Author(s): Carol A. Senf Publication Details: Victorian Studies 26.1 (Autumn 1982): p33-49. Source: Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 156. Detroit: Gale, 2006. From Literature Resource Center. Document Type: Critical essay Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale, COPYRIGHT 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning Full Text:   [(essay date autumn 1982) In the following essay, Senf contends that, contraryRead MoreThe Mystery Of Vampires From Folklore Tales1622 Words   |  7 Pageswould be known as the literary conversation of vampires. As a result, these literary vampires would be treasured through written masterpieces such as Polidori s The Vampyre, Penny Dreadful Varney the Vampire, and Sheridan Le Fanu s Carmilla. One particular book that made vampires a timeless horror classic would be Bram Stroker’s Dracula. Within this epic novel, Bram Stoker brought a few new traits to the folklore vampire. These new traits can now be debated as the literary vampires’ characteristicsRead MoreThe Vampire: What Boundaries Does the Vampire Threaten? Discuss with R9200 Words   |  37 Pagesof the Dracula story._______________________________________________ The Vampire in Dracula threatens the very existence of Victorian England. Stoker constructs the vampire as an embodiment of threat by surpassing his Gothic novelist predecessors to bring the threat of the Gothic home to Victorian England (Arata 119). This in turn crosses the boundary between what is foreign and what is national; and dually East and West. Dracula is open